The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry
TV Paul ed
(New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Pages 273
A common formulae of most of the Indian masala movies, irrespective of whether produced in Mumbai or any
other regional centers is simple: an emotional scene, a duet, a fight sequence,
a family song and a romantic encounter – these events are presented in
different permutations and combinations in the first half of the movie followed
by an intermission. After some coke, tea and popcorn in the lounge, the same
events are repeated in the second half. Indo-Pak relations in the last one
decade almost followed a similar pattern – Breakdown of relations, a sudden
positive development, public euphoria, foreign secretaries level talks, meeting
at the highest levels, CBMs, opening of borders and minds and a terrorist
attack. These ‘historical’ events are followed by an intermission and then the
history repeats again. At least thrice since the nuclear tests in 1998.
How to theorize a conflict and cooperation (or lack of it) that
defies logic? How to explain nuclear tests, Lahore summit, Kargil War, Agra
summit, Parliament attack, Islamabad summit, Intra-Kashmir Bus service and the
Mumbai blasts? If an enduring rivalry is characterized as a “persistent,
fundamental, and long term incompatibility of goals between two states” how
would one theorize the attempts to cooperate? How to theorize the relations
between the State, that carefully and painfully builds relations over a period,
at times even at the risk of internal political opposition only to see it
crumble in weeks, if not days? How to theorize the popular euphoria and
hysteria, which gets easily carried away with a cricket match or a terrorist
attack?
TV Paul’s edited book attempts to answer the above questions. Challenging
task indeed, as Paul F Diehl, Gary Goertz and Daniel Saeedi in their well
researched essay on theoretical specifications comment that the Indo-Pak rivalry
is a puzzle for international relations theory. Perhaps, there lies the answer;
the sub continental politics should not be looked only through the
‘international relations theory” prism, which is yet to shift or take in to
account the subaltern.
Paul argues that the Indo-Pak conflict is enduring and asymmetric
and methodically argues on various factors that make the conflict asymmetric. There
is an asymmetry in various fields from population to political institutions, but
is the Indo-Pak conflict asymmetric anymore since the 1998 nuclear tests? Is
the asymmetry broken in terms of the ability to inflict equal pain? Not even
once since the partition, there were three serious peace processes in Indo-Pak
relations in a single decade. Agreed, none of these three processes reach its
logical conclusion, but every one of them reached higher levels of cooperation than
the previous process. Is there a nuclear parity, which enables both countries
to deal with each other, though confidently? Is there a slow process of
learning to live with each other and reduce the intensity of the conflict? Any
discussion on asymmetry should also take into account the above questions.
Second, invariably all the essays focus on and explain the rivalry Pakistan’s
efforts as that of a revisionist state initiating dispute. What is also
surprising since the nuclear tests, has been Pakistan’s interest to start a
stalled dialogue or break the dead lock. A related issue highlighted is the
asymmetry in the practice of democracy in Pakistan. Paul Diehl and others raise
an interesting question on Kargil War. Was it the first war between democratic
states in the modern era? And then there are other related questions how stable
were Pakistan’s
democracy and how deeply the democratic institutions and norms are deeply
embedded in society. Reeta Tremblay and Julian Schofield argue that military
and democratic regimes and their respective hybrids differ substantially;
military regimes have a weakness in terms of getting transfixed on power
balance and the rapid escalation of disputes.
Fascinating observations indeed. While analyzing these questions.
one should also consider some of those measures taken by General Musharraf such
as giving up Pakistan’s
emphasis on UN resolutions on Kashmir and self
rule. It is unlikely, any other democratically elected leader traveled that
path. Stephen Saideman in his essay on irredentism and Kashmir in fact make an
argument on this point saying that a regime type alone cannot be blamed as democratic leaders of Pakistan have
pursued irredentism as strongly as, if not more strongly than military rulers.
Third, do territorial concerns and disputes form a major factor in
Indo-Pak enduring rivalry? John Vasquez attempts to answer this question in
another well researched essay which focuses on various theories of war, rivalry
and deterrence. He argues that the rivalry over Kashmir
should not be interpreted narrowly with the land. It is easy to agree with this
proposition; this is why other disputes including Junagarh and Hyderabad did not become a part of the
enduring rivalry. The bilateral conflict is certainly not over territory. In
the recent years, there have also been emphasis on the natural resources,
especially how the Indus make Kashmir important for both India and Pakistan. Neither
the ‘land’ of Kashmir nor its ‘resources’
could be seen as a source of enduring conflict.
Fourth, have the nuclear weapons changed the structure of asymmetry
and likely to play a positive role in the bringing an end to the enduring rivalry?
Vasquez argue during Cold War ‘nuclear deterrence did not work alone, but in
conjunction with a number of irenic factors’. Comparing with Berlin and Cuba, he raises an important
question: If deterrence almost failed
there, where the homeland territory of neither state was stake, would it not
fail at some point for the more salient and festering Kashmir
territorial dispute? Daniel Geller argues about three speculative but
plausible scenarios of a nuclear war between India and Pakistan –
escalation of conventional military engagement, pre-emptive attack on
opponent’s nuclear forces and a ‘bolt out of the blue’ attack impending a war. Russell
Leng claims that there are empirical evidences on nuclear crises escalating to
higher levels and that Pakistan
launched Kargil operation on the assumption that India would not respond by
attacking across the LoC. Saira Khan concludes that the enduring rivalry
compelled both countries to acquire nuclear weapons, which in turn has
generated a prolongation of the rivalry.
Valid submissions undoubtedly. Perhaps, they should also be analyzed
though the following questions as well. If Pakistan initiated Kargil
operations, why did it decide not to pursue further? Why did India after
systematically preparing for a war in late December 2001, decide to abandon it
early 2002? Should only crisis initiation be interpreted through nuclear
weapons prism? What about non-initiation of military hostilities in a crisis
period as it happened during 2001-02? Or an early end to military hostilities
as it happened in 1999 in Kargil? Is the mere presence of likely nuclear
weapons lead to deterrence or it would be achieved as a result of painfully
slow but steady process? Could the three peace processes and their break down
be explained in terms of this painfully slow but stead process?
Fifth, what are the prospects of peace? Daniel Geller in his essay
on prospects for war and peace conclude that the origins of this rivalry, its intensity of violence, the failure of both
mediation and conflict management, and its temporal persistence suggest that
the relationship between India
and Pakistan
is not likely to change absent a “political shock” of substantial magnitude. Stephen
Saideman is optimistic and considers that an important element in the bilateral
relation – Pakistan’s irredentism and India’s
resistance – may be declining. As mentioned earlier, undoubtedly many of
the notions narrowly guarded by history and emphasized repeatedly by political
rhetoric in both countries are slowly breaking. It would take some more time,
perhaps one more generation, but clearly there are signs of breaking, hence the
chances of a breakthrough should not be undermined. Vali Nasr’s essay provide
critical inputs on national identities
Finally, are there any lessons learnt by India and Pakistan in
this enduring rivalry? Russel Leng opine that even in those crises that ended
in war, both countries showed remarkable restraint on the battlefield avoiding
civilian targets and attacking cities. He also concludes the two sides have been learning, but they have been predisposed by
their real politik beliefs to draw only certain types of lessons from their
behaviour…(and this) real politik culture that pervades Indo-Pakistani
relations constricts the range of actions available to their leaders, colors
their historical memories, and narrows their collective identities. This
undoubtedly could have been an apt description until the 1990s. Recent history
in the subcontinent in the last two years would prove the willingness to
explore new option, pursue a course that none even dared to dream. The process
did fail indicating the torturous path ahead, but there lies the silver lining.
An effort to break the deadlock and the courage to even fail.
A daring effort to theorize an anarchic confrontation, undoubtedly
this book would be an important addition in the Indo-Pak literature. A laudable
academic endeavor.
The above was originally published by the BooK Review